Leadership, The, And Situational Approach - 954 Words

Leadership can be defined in many different ways depending on how it is looked at. Some people can define leadership as stepping forward to take lead of a task just to get it done, while others can see it as someone who starts a movement to make a change. Overall, leadership is the action of leading a group of people or an organization. In my opinion, the style of leadership does not matter as long as it is used in a positive manor. Some of the main styles that contribute to successful leadership are the transactional, servant, transformational, or situational approach. One of the most common types of leaders people tend to become is a servant leader. This style of leadership is set on enriching the lives of individuals, building better organizations and giving their all to create a more caring world. Servant leaders model after being able to listen and communicate with other leaders. They show empathy when needed, offer healing to others, and are aware to their surroundings and othe rs emotions. The ultimate goal of a servant leader is to build a better community. (Northouse, 2013, pp. 225-230) The phrase â€Å"servant leadership† was created by Robert K. Greenleaf in The Servant as Leader, an essay that he first published in 1970. In that essay, Greenleaf said: â€Å"The servant-leader is servant first†¦ It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. That person is sharply different from one who isShow MoreRelatedThe Situational Approach Of Leadership1967 Words   |  8 PagesThe word leadership has a lot of meanings, but its meaning is unique to the person who is giving the definition. Leadership is the ability to guide, direct, and motivate others to accomplish a mission or task. It is the ability to make subordinates see their own potential in their abilities and supervisors recognize and respect it. Leaders are entrusted with building up those they lead to ensure the individual can one day assume the responsibility of leading others. It is for this reason thatRead MoreThe Situational Approach And Contingency Theories Of Leadership830 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze the situational approach and contingency theories of leadership. As looked through va rious theories, I found the situational approach theory and the contingency theory to be particularly interesting. As the eldest sibling, I have always thought of myself as some type of â€Å"leader†, often making decisions and taking the initiative. As I grew older, I realized that there were situations where there were people better prepared for various challenges. Consequently, I found myself in leadership positionsRead MoreSituational Approach Theory Is A Leadership Model814 Words   |  4 PagesSituational Approach Theory is a leadership model that was developed by Hersey and Blanchard in 1969 based on Reddin’s (1967) management model (Northouse, 2015). The model focuses on various leadership styles based upon the situation at that time. Leadership is viewed as being composed of directive and supportive dimensions that is applied according to the situation (Northouse, 2015). The leadership styles include: Directing (high directive-low supportive), Coaching (high directive-high supportive)Read MoreEffective Leadership Patterns Taking A Situational Approach1159 Words   |  5 PagesTannenbaum and Schmidt s Leadership Pattern: They used a contingency framework to discuss effective leadership patterns taking a situational approach. They suggested that the use of authority by the manager which is a boss centered leadership style or the area of freedom given to subordinates is a function of the following factors such as i) forces in the manager – These factors include value system, feelings of security and insecurity, confidence in subordinates, leadership predispositions etc. Read MoreApplication Of Situational Approach For Teaching Leadership Style1923 Words   |  8 PagesApplication Situational Approach This theory is one of my favorites, especially in regards to my challenge of bringing individuals together. The luxury of the situational approach and the flexibility of being able to adapt my leadership style to various situations are instrumental in the success of the group. The practicality of this approach, and ease of use, makes this style of leadership invaluable in the application of directive or supportive roles towards group members in diverse situationsRead MoreA.I.M. - a Cultural Contingency Approach to Situational Leadership8214 Words   |  33 PagesTable of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 2 2. HERSEY’S AND BLANCHARD’S SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODEL ........... 3 3. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ........ 4 A.I.M. A Cultural Contingency Approach to Situational Leadership 3.1. Power Distance...............................................................................................................4 3.2. Individualism ........Read MoreLeadership And Ethics Of Leadership1448 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Ethics Leadership styles and approaches vary from situation to situation, including the personality, knowledge, skills, and abilities of the leader and the followers. Employees teach the leader how to lead them. Their competence, ability, and willingness to complete a task are indicators, which assist the direction of leadership the leader takes. Keeping all of this in mind, we will describe and analyze the Situational and Style leadership approaches. Situational Leadership Read MoreThe Situational Approach And Contingency Theory1617 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many dissimilar leadership approaches leaders can employ when working toward meeting goals and in situations. But the two approaches, I will be discussing are the situational approach and contingency theory. These two approaches are the same, but yet they are dissimilar. According to Hanks (n.d), â€Å"the situational approach and contingency theory describes how different approaches to leadership can help owners and managers reach their goals.† The situational approach was developed in 1969 byRead MoreThe Leadership Theory And Transformational Theory1482 Words   |  6 Pagesexecutive, it is important to know these traits and leadership styles in order to be successful in the business and medical world. There are a number of different leadership theories, models, and styles that could be useful towards becoming a successful leader. The situational theory, contingency theory, and transformational theory are the three leadership theories that stand out the most to me. As a future healthcare executive, shadowing these leadership approaches will help me become the successfulRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Situational Leadership866 Words   |  4 Pagestalked about leadership theories: Situational Leadership. The model, which celebrates a multitude of leadership styles instead of a single solution, has been considered a transformative and essential new way to manage and to lead. But what does it mean to be a situational leader? Is it always beneficial to change your approach to leading the troops? In this guide, we’ll examine the development of situational leadership, study its core elements and discover the qualities a situational leader must

The Role Of Regional Integration Essay - 1476 Words

Global Business as pertaining to our topic describes changes in our worlds economy that result from dramatically increased internationational trade and cultural exchange. This paper will analyze the role of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in promoting global business. Besides NAFTA, regional integrations such as: EU, APEC, ASEAN, CAFTA, or others may be discussed for the purpose of comparing advantages and disadvantages of regional integration. Also discussed will be the economic development stages of countries within NAFTA (United States, Canada, and Mexico) and any ramifications of NAFTA development for global business. NAFTA NAFTA is an agreement between Canada, the US, and Mexico that took effect on January 1, 1994,†¦show more content†¦It represents more restricted trade to the extent that it results in trade diversion by shifting of production from an efficient nonmember country to a less efficient member country and promotes global business in this way. NAFTA was destined to recast the economic landscape of North America. For over a century, the U.S. economy had been shaped by growth along an east-west axis. NAFTA was going to be responsible for a sea of change in North American economic and transportation patterns. The business growth along the north-south axis would probably exceed that along the east-west axis in U.S and that NAFTA would be the engine propelling change. Advantages and disadvantages NAFTA Of course the obvious point of regional integration is to benefit all involved. Under most circumstances the advantages of integration out way the disadvantages. NAFTA is voluntary as are many other regional integrations. Some reasons countries band together are: CostÂâ€"sharing on regional projects, a stable financial region, Pooling of technical expertise, Joint representation at international conferences and meetings, and having a stable financial region. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) creates a single, North American market of nearly 400 million consumers larger than the 12 countries of the European Community and a combined GDP of $11 trillion. United States, Mexico, and Canada areShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Regional Integration in Promoting Global Business.1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Regional Integration in Promoting Global Business. Regional integration is growing as a means for economic growth for many countries. Throughout this paper we will discuss the promoting of regional integration into the Northern South America region. In addition, the paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regional integration as it relates to (NAFTA, EU, APEC, ASEAN, CAFTA). Regional Overview The Northern South America region contains two countries Columbia and VenezuelaRead MoreInternational Trade Has Brought Huge Gains On A Number Of Countries Around The World1472 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the period 1950-2007 shows that export increased by 2.7 percent faster than gross domestic product (GDP). Obviously, regional economic integrations played a vital role in promoting world trade in terms of both quantity and quality of goods and services traded. In light of persistent political and economic problems in Africa, regional economic communities can play a major role in solving some of the basic economic and political challenges that Africa is facing right now. When economies of countriesRead MoreThe Asean And The Private Sector1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe ASEAN and the Private Sector The presence and influence of the private sector in Southeast Asia have never been strongly felt in the present time since the market collapse in the early 2000s. Governments and regional associations scurried in saving their economies by providing massive interventions in spending and funding. Much of the crises became the woe of the public and the private sector became more averse to business. Rohde (2011) posited that â€Å"restoring of financial confidence led toRead MoreWhat Is The Role Of Chinas Role In South Asia?1417 Words   |  6 Pages1. China shares the regional interest of stability, economic growth and end of insurgency in South Asia. Peace and stability in South Asia is as much a requirement for the region as for China. The region should thus engage with China to form a common view on the issues related to the Democracy, Military dominance and development. Countries of South Asia should also seek to bring India and China on multilateral commitments on peace and secur ity to bring stability in the region. 2. Since China is inRead MoreAsia Southeast Asian Nations ( Asean )852 Words   |  4 Pagestime; yet it is a region without a strong regional institution. There are several regional organizations in Asia starting with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established in 1967 (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), ASEAN plus three (China, Japan, South Korea) in 1997, ASEAN Regional Forum, East Asia Summit, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), etc. Despite the numerous regional institutions within Asia, there has notRead MoreEssay on Brazil: Embracing Globalization?1519 Words   |  7 Pageschange of the economic model following the debt crisis of the 1980s. At the time of the case Brazilian officials are deciding whether regional integration or globalization offer the best route to economic prosperity and development. This case illustrates the challenges that developing countries face in defining trade policy. It also introduces the role of regional trade blocks as an alternative to globalization. At the current time regionalism seems to be very much in vogue and seems to be muchRead MoreThe Pattern And Content Of East Asian Economic Integration783 Words   |  4 Pages4.1.1. The Pattern and Content of East Asian Economic Integration The most representative regional economic organization in East Asia is ASEAN, which was established in Bangkok and formed by five founding members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and Cambodia also joined successively to form the ten countries of ASEAN. ASEAN is abbreviated by Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which was built to contain the Communist forces with the purposeRead MoreAnalysis of the European Union’s Role as a Model Intergovernmental Organization1627 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational situation between neighborhoods. According to Kegley (2009), a global trend in world politics is the spectacular growth of IGOs. The European Union, as an example of IGOs, is the globe’s best success story among the other regional IGOs playing global roles (Kegley, 2009). It created by the merger of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Economic Community (called the European Community until 1993) that has since expanded geographicallyRead MoreAn Approach to the Regional Neoliberal Governance in Southern Africa from a Critical Perspective1177 Words   |  5 PagesAn approach to the regional neoliberal governance in Southern Africa from a critical perspective. In order to examine the possible implications of neoliberalism in contemporary Africa, an analysis based on a regional dimension is important. The multiplicity of strategies and methods of governance in a specific regional context can appear merging, mingling or even clashing, since regions can be understood as political and social projects, where different actors act in favour of the maintenanceRead MoreSouth Cooperation : A Bright Blueprint For The Future Of Underdeveloped Countries1646 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic background and the functions of these unions also undergo the mission of development. It is an inevitable result of today’s economic trend: the rapid growth rates of developed countries, the prevalence of economic globalisation and regional economic integration. For one thing, suffering from economic crisis, most developed countries experience the period of sluggish growth rates and inactive trade prospects Together with the wave of economic globalisation motiva tes the cross-border trade among

Tibet Through Chinese Eyes Free Essays

Tibet through Chinese Eyes You must have heard about all sorts of tales about Chinese invasion of Tibet or the sympathy towards Tibet’s independent movement spread in western media. The pro-Tibet separatists act radically under the shielding of hostile westerners who even don’t know where Tibet is located geographically, not to say the long aged Chinese sovereignty of Tibet, the strenuous efforts of Chinese government made on developing it and the profound improvements of the Tibetan living standard. Chinese Sovereignty of Tibet The pro-Tibet groups, claiming â€Å"Free Tibet† and behaving out of control, accuse that China has intruded Tibet through armed aggression. We will write a custom essay sample on Tibet Through Chinese Eyes or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the matter of fact is that the Chinese sovereignty on Tibet has lasted for 700 years. Why did Chinese army invade China? For those aggressive pro-Tibet advocators, please read the history before jumping to a misleading conclusion. Since Yuan Dynasty, Tibet has been an autonomous of China. In 1904, Britain sent out a formal instruction classifying Tibet as â€Å"a province of Chinese Empire†. In 1911, Republic of China was founded. The first provisional constitution of the new government stipulated that Tibet was part of China’s territory. After that, the prime minister of Indian delivered a speech in 1954, saying â€Å"Over the past several hundred years, as far as I know, at no time has any foreign country denied China’s sovereignty over Tibet. † Up till now, all historical documents and enacted laws recognize that Tibet is a legal territory of China. To put it simple, Tibet to China is like what California to America. If someday Arnold Schwarzenegger stirred up a war to free California, would the U. S government renounce its sovereignty over California regardless of its meticulous care devoted to developing this state? The answer will be no, since the issue of sovereignty is beyond negotiation, not to mention a territory belonging to a country who has taken care of it for 700 years. Chinese Government’s Endeavors Before the democratic reform, Tibet was in a serf system. People there were dishonorably exploited and laid heavy burden on. Serf-owners’ revolt triggers a revolution conducted by the Chinese government to liberate the serfs by abolishing serfdom. Under the redoubled efforts of Chinese government, including agriculture development, religion preservation, tourism exploitation and educational popularization, Tibet experiences never-ending changes and improvements. According to national statistical service, the Tibetan population has doubled to 2. 6 million in the end of 2000 compared with only 1. 2 million in 1952; much of this being attributed to the improved sensational condition and living style since the reforms at the beginning under the Chinese governance, which also contributes to a decrease in infant mortality rate from 430/1000 in 1951 to 35. /1000 in 2000 and a longer average life expectancy of 65 years in 2001 while 35 years when Tibet was still in serfdom. The statistics above, reflecting an increasingly better live of Tibetans, terminate those rumors claiming that Chinese government has interfered with Tibet’s development. Instead, the strenuous efforts and advancing achievements demonstrate that our governme nt is concerning about Tibet and is able to bring Tibetans prosperous life. Even if Tibet attained its independence, people there would not lead a life as affluent as current status. The secrets are as follows. Conspiracy behind Tibet Freedom Before the revolution taken by the Chinese government, Dalai Lama was the aristocrat while the ordinary and innocent Tibetans were serfs. Land was granted by the aristocrat to the peasant, on condition that he paid a service (or feudal duty) to his superior, which means Dalai Lama had the right to idle his life while earned a living by exploiting serfs. To change this lagging policy, the Chinese government started a campaign of agrarian reform, including land recovery back to peasants for agricultural usage. Hence, the privilege of Dalai was disfranchised and then his ambitions drove him to rebellion, attempting vainly to be a lord again. However, the Chinese government has not compromised in the least on this matter. We do not allow any attempts to set Tibet back to serfdom. With the sovereignty of Tibet, China has the power and responsibility to help innocent Tibetans out of miserable backward life. As is known to all, China is a country with 56 different nationalities. What we are striving for is to develop harmoniously as a unit. The goal of the Chinese government, while a struggle, is in no way to shackle Tibet in all diversity, but to head forward side by side like a family. With the accredited sovereignty, the unremitting endeavors and the powerful national strength, China has adopted an uncompromising posture on the Tibet issue, for after all we are reluctant to witness the life deterioration of Tibetans who have been our countrymen for 700 years and will be so forever. How to cite Tibet Through Chinese Eyes, Papers

Leadership and Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Ethics, Leaderdhip and Decision Making ? Answer : Introduction Nowadays, changes in the business environment have resulted in the occurrence of different situations in the organization that poses ethical dilemma. The company faces different types of ethical dilemmas such as dilemmas related to technology, health and safety of employees, transparency of different business operations and existence of fair working conditions. There is an occurrence of many accounting scandals by the companies as they do not disclose the material information to its stakeholders. It is requisite for the companies to provide accurate and complete reporting of the financial information in the accounting reports (Collins, 2009). It is essential for the businesses to communicate the information in a transparent manner without misrepresenting the information. Avoidance of the full representation of the information has a negative impact on the business operations of the company (Johnson, 2015). This report emphasizes on the accounting scandal of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International. Besides this, it also emphasizes on the ethical theories relevant to the scandal of Valeant Pharmaceuticals. In addition to this, it also provides information related to the existence of the relationship between ethics and leadership. It also emphasizes on the measures that can be adopted by the organization to overcome the situation of ethical dilemma. Ethical Dilemma in Valeant Pharmaceuticals The company has appointed a new leader Michael Pearson in the year 2008 in order to implement a new strategy for the purpose of accelerating the growth of the company. For this purpose, the company has made aggressive acquisitions of different companies which resulted in an increase in the debt of the company (Law 360, 2016). Besides this, the company has also increase the prices of the drugs offered by it for the purpose of increasing its revenue in order to improve its financial performance and position in the market. It has been done by the company in order to reduce the cost incurred in the research and development programs that are used by the pharmaceutical companies in the past (Trevino Nelson, 2010). This is the reason that the company is facing various investigations carried out by different governmental authorities such as US Attorneys Office, the SEC and Congress. In the year 2016, the company has recorded incorrect revenue of $58 million due to its relationship with Phil idor Pharmaceuticals which is not disclosed by the company (Law 360, 2016). It had recorded the revenue prior to the sale has to be done by the Philidor pharmaceuticals. In addition to this, in earlier years the company has omitted the record of integration cost and other basic expenses incurred in acquiring the companies such as Bausch and Lomb. The other ethical issue faced by the company is that the company has recorded sales from controlled and related companies of Valeant . For the purpose of representing increase in the purchases, the company has shown providing large discounts to wholesalers and customers which is regarded as channel stuffing (Champoux, 2010). The company has shown an increase in the prices of two drugs which are used to treat heart ailments namely Nitropress and Isuprel of 525% and 212% in a respective manner (Law 360, 2016). By performing such activities the company is considered failed in terms of corporate governance practices. The accounting staff and the CEO of the company has omitted various accounting requirements for the purpose of increasing the revenues and profitability through its acquisitions which results in increasing in the value of debt for the company. The company has not considered different ways that can lead it up to attain sustainable growth. For the purpose of increasing the revenues and profitability of the company, the CEO of the company has find rapid solutions to difficult issues by the way of omission of the events that has taken place and has a significant impact on the financial performance and position of the company (Daft Marcic, 2006). Ethical Theories Ethical theories are the basic need to attain solutions to difficult problems and situations faced by people in their life. There are different ethical theories which help in getting solutions to the problems faced by the people such as Kantianism, contract theory, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. In context to Valeant Pharmaceuticals, utilitarianism theory is applicable. This theory gives emphasis on the delivering happiness and suffering to people through the actions of a person. There is a need to act in an appropriate manner for the purpose of maximizing the amount of happiness and minimizing the suffering caused to an individual or a group. For the purpose of attainment of maximization of the amount of happiness and minimizing the amount of sufferings, there can be a possibility that the individual or a group break the traditional method of performing different actions (LaFollette Persson,2013). As per this theory, an action of an individual is considered right in a moral terms if it results in providing happiness to large number of people in the society. In addition to this, the outcomes and actions are dependent on the circumstances. There is no moral principle which is considered right and necessary under this theory. This theory proposes that an action of an individual is carried out in such a way that it would result in producing good results for the large number of people. Besides this, this theory bases the right and wrong of the actions on the outcomes of making a choice between the action and policy over other actions and policies (Robinson Moulton, 2005). This theory postulates that the action is considered right if it results in the production of the benefits for the people that have a stake in it. If the people achieve benefits from the actions pursued by a group or individual then the theory does not consider the actions performed by the individual as wrong in case of lies, coercion and manipulation. This type of moral reasoning is used in day to day life in which the benefits from the performance of the actions is provided by the individual along with the prevention of the harms by carrying out such type of action. All the people such as business analysts, scientists and legislators analyze the benefits and harms of policies for the purpose of taking appropriate decisions (Broad, 2014). In context to Valeant Pharmaceuticals, this theory is suitable as the professionals of the company have made fraudulent accounting errors for the purpose of increasing the profits of the company. Besides this, the CEO of the company has increased the prices of drugs for the purpose of increasing the revenues of the company. This helps in increasing the profits of the company which is beneficial for the company as well as for its stakeholders. This is because; increase in the sales and profits of the company results in increasing the return on the investments by the company. Along with this, employees also get benefit from such actions in the form of increase in their pay (Landau, 2012). The principle of least harm which postulates that the decision maker make a choice of those actions which results in producing least harm for the people. This principle stated that the decision maker make a choice of those actions, which provide harm to few people which is beneficial for large group of people. The decision maker should not perform those tasks which provide harm to the concerned people. Under this principle, the different choices of actions do not appear beneficial wherein the decision maker choose those actions which provide least harm to few people. In context to Valeant Pharmaceuticals, the CEO of the company has made a choice of increasing the revenues of the company by increasing the prices of the drugs which provide harm to least people such as customers. In addition to this, the company has also made errors in the accounting process for the purpose of improving its financial position (Copp, 2005). The other theory is virtue ethics which stated that the judgment is done by the character of the person rather than by their actions that is different from his normal behavior. When a person is performing unusual and unethical behavior, the consideration is given to the morals, motivation and reputation. In context to Valeant Pharmaceuticals, the CEO has a good reputation and is highly motivated but the actions of the CEO results in providing harm to the stakeholders of the company. It has come into notice due to sudden change from morel to immoral behavior and results in the occurrence of significant amount of evidence against him (Birsch, 2013). Interrelationship between ethics, leadership and decision making Application of ethical principles in the organization results in broadening of the priorities of corporate and individual ahead of profit and shareholder enrichment. It is essential for the leaders to have the responsibility to perform ethical behavior for the purpose of making sound decisions. Adoption and implementation of the ethical behavior by the employees and leaders results in aligning of the behavior with the personal values and values of the business (Zimmerli, Richter Holzinger,2007). Effective implementation of the ethical behavior in the organization results in an increase in the productivity and well coordinated teamwork among the employees. In addition tro this, it is essential for the leaders to specify the acceptable behavior from the employees during their recruitment and selection. There is a requirement of high level of dedication towards different jobs by the employees of the organization. A leader is considered ethical if they consider positive and negative views of all the people involved in the activity. In addition to this, it also takes into consideration that the decisions made by the leader is ethical and the members included in the decision making are accountable (Bennis, Goleman O'Toole, 2010). The occurrence of the ethical actions by the people results in enhancing the integrity and credibility of the leader and helps in creating trust among the employees in the organization. This helps in improving the performance and productivity of the employees of the organization. Employees of the organization are able to create faith among them regarding their leaders due to the performance of activities by the leader in an ethical manner. This helps in improving the overall productivity of the organization. Employees consider the actions of the leaders as ethical when a leader shows kind, courteous and respectful behavior towards others. The ethical behavior of the leader is characterized by their attitudes and behaviors towards the employees and other people in the organization. An ethical leader respond to the queries of all the people associated with it in order to provide an opportunity to different employees to take decisions in a quick manner (LaFollette Persson, 2013). In addition to this, an ethical leader helps in developing the skills and abilities among the employees in a proper manner which results in increasing the operational efficiency of the organization. It is essential for the leaders to communicate relevant an important information among the employees for the purpose of taking effective and efficient decisions. This helps in creation of the learning organization as it helps in developing a communication platform in the organization through which different employees to share their experiences with other employees which helps in making effective decisions by them. If the leader admit their mistakes in front of employees then the employees are free to make mistakes and ask questions from the leader which results in providing safe working environment to the employees (Barbera, 2014). This also helps in improving the performance of the employees in the organization. The ethical leader helps in bringing all the employees together in order to build cohesion and coordination between them so that they can achieve the common goal of the business in an effective manner. It is required by the company to perform different business operations in an ethical manner such as selection of talented people, promoting the qualified people to a next level in terms of expertise in technology, culture of commitment and so on. This results in bringing transparency in the operations of the organization. This in turn results in attracting more number of employees in the organization. This is because implementation of ethical leadership in the organization helps in increasing the commitment level of the employees in the organization. It is requisite for the ethical leader to provide reasonable and justifiable pay to its employees which helps in increasing the performance level of the emp loyees (Day, 2014). It is required by the leader to take into consideration the personal needs of the employees which helps in increasing the loyalty of the employees towards the organization. If the employees are paid justified pay as per their knowledge and expertise then there is a possibility that employees provide best possible work as per their capabilities which helps in increasing their productivity in the organization. It is essential for the leader to provide freedom to its employees and encourage them to develop their knowledge and skills to perform different tasks in the organization in an effective and efficient manner. It is requisite for the employees to consult with other employees before taking further actions that has a significant impact on the reputation of the business in a marketplace. In todays world, the leaders adheres with the ethics which help them to make ethical decision making (Lawton, Rayner Lasthuizen, 2013). Ethics is defined as the integration of different components such as principles, virtues values and morals that provide guidance to the people to perform the task. It is essential for the employees to understand the value system of the organization which facilitates in understanding of the different operations carried out in the business which has a significant impact on the overall performance of the organization. Leaders are required to provide full information regarding different procedures, policies and programs carried out in the organization for the purpose of attainment of the common goal of the business (Ferrell Ferrell, 2009). In addition to this, the leaders who adhere with the strong corporate codes of ethics may achieve sustainable growth in the future. The main reason behind it is that it shows the dedication of the company towards its employees, customers and society. It also results in improving the reputation of the company in the market. In the presence of highly competitive environment, there is a pressure on the leaders to become profitable and provide high returns to the shareholders of the company by exhibiting ethical behavior in the organization. There is a requirement of adoption of the ethical decision making process in the organization as it helps in increasing the productivity of the company and help in achieving sustainable competitive advantage in the market (Nevarez Wood,2010). Measures taken by Valeant Pharmaceuticals to make ethical decisions It is recommended that the CEO of the company should communicate relevant information related to different business operations to its stakeholders in order to bring transparency into the business operations. This helps the decision makers such as investors and other stakeholders to make appropriate decisions. It is essential for the company to prepare code of ethics and circulate it in the organization in order to spread information regarding the values, policies and procedures to be carried out in the organization in an ethical manner. It is requisite for the company to monitor the performance of the organization in a regular manner in order to check whether the information is not omitted by the company as it has a significant impact on the decision making process of the company (Kiel, 2015). Besides this, the company should adhere with rules and regulations established by different regulatory authorities in the country in order to sell its products in the market. The company should make proper investment in the research and development and provide innovative products to the customers for which it can charge high prices from the customers. The CEO of the company should engage the employees and other stakeholders in the decision making process by considering their view points and make effective decisions which are beneficial for the company as well as the society. In addition to this, there is also a need for the company to reduce the cost of the products by increasing the operational efficiency of the company (Condrey, 2005). It is necessary for the company to provide training to the employees to upgrade their skills in order to increase their productivity. This helps in reducing the overall cost of the company and creation of the value for the customers. The company should organize different meetings to discuss the issues faced by the employees of the organization in order to provide them solutions which helps in increasing their commitment level towards the organization. There is a requirement of establishing a common communication platform where employees can share their experiences with other employees and make effective and quick decisions (Cremer, 2009). This helps in improving the overall productivity of the employees in the organization. It is required by the CEO of the company to delegate the authority and responsibility to the employees so that employees can make effective decisions by regularly supervising the actions taken by other employees for the purpose of achieving the common goal of the business. Besides this, it also helps in reducing the wastage of the resources done by the company. This facilitates in reducing the cost of the products and creates value for the customers (Daft, Marcic, 2006). Conclusion It can be concluded that there is an occurrence of the ethical scandal in Valeant Pharmaceuticals where the CEO of the company has increased the prices of two drugs which are used in heart ailments. Besides this, the company has also omitted some of the information from the book of accounts in order to increase its revenues and profits. Besides this, it can also be concluded that there are two theories of ethics which are suitable for the company such as utilitarianism and virtue ethics. In addition to this, the company should establish common communication platform where employees can share their views and opinions with each other and make effective decisions which results in improving their performance in the organization. References Barbera, K.M. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Climate and Culture. Oxford University Press. Bennis, W., Goleman, D. O'Toole, J. (2010). Transparency: How Leaders Create a Culture of Candor. John Wiley Sons. Birsch, D. (2013). Introduction to Ethical Theories: A Procedural Approach. Waveland Press. Broad, C.D. (2014). Five Types of Ethical Theory. Routledge. Champoux, J.E. (2010). Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. Routledge. Collins, D. (2009). Essentials of Business Ethics: Creating an Organization of High Integrity and Superior Performance. John Wiley Sons. Condrey, S.E. (2005). Handbook of Human Resources Management in Government. John Wiley Sons. Copp, D. (2005). The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory. Oxford University Press. Cremer, D.D. (2009). Psychological Perspectives on Ethical Behavior and Decision Making. IAP. Daft, R.L. Marcic, D. (2006). Understanding Management. Cengage Learning. Day, D. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations. Oxford University Press. Ferrell, O.C. Ferrell, J.F. (2009). Business Ethics 2009 Update: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Cengage Learning. Johnson, C.E. (2015). Organizational Ethics: A Practical Approach. SAGE Publications. Kerns, C.D. (2005). Value-centered Ethics: A Proactive System to Shape Ethical Behavior. Human Resource Development. Kiel, F. (2015). Return on Character: The Real Reason Leaders and Their Companies Win. Harvard Business Review Press. LaFollette, H. Persson, I. (2013). The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. John Wiley Sons. Landau, R.S. (2012). Ethical Theory: An Anthology. John Wiley Sons. Law 360. 2016. Valeant A Case Study In Rotten Culture And Business Ethics. Retrieved 23 January 2017, from https://www.law360.com/articles/785665/valeant-a-case-study-in-rotten-culture-and-business-ethics Lawton, A., Rayner, J. Lasthuizen, K. (2013). Ethics and Management in the Public Sector. Routledge. Nevarez, C. Wood, J.L. (2010). Community College Leadership and Administration: Theory, Practice, and Change. Peter Lang. Robinson, G.M. Moulton, J. (2005). Ethical Problems in Higher Education. IUniverse. Trevino, L.K. Nelson, K.A. (2010). Managing Business Ethics. John Wiley Sons. Zerbe, W.J. et al. (2008). Emotions, Ethics and Decision-making. Emerald Group Publishing. Zimmerli, W.C., Richter, K. Holzinger, M. (2007). Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance. Springer Science Business Media.

Corporate Philanthropy and Business Sustainability

Introduction Corporate philanthropy is the contribution that business makes to the general population using its finances as part of its corporate social responsibility. The activities undertaken by the organization will have a positive impact on the lives of the beneficiaries and sometimes even the business itself.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Philanthropy and Business Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most businesses are involved in various philanthropic activities, which vary depending on the community’s main problems and the business’s interests. In addition, the philanthropic activities are usually focused on improving the quality of life of the workforce of the company, their families and the general population where the company operates or may be intending to operate in future. It may also be targeting the environment in which the organization operates through the im provement of the natural resources of the area that the organization operates in. primarily, corporate philanthropy can be undertaken through various means, which include giving gifts (products of the company or other company’s product), and having the employees of the company doing various activities which benefit the general community e.g. cleanup of the area near the organization. In addition, an organization can directly be involved in the philanthropic activities or may form a foundation to carry out its philanthropic activities. These foundations are not involved in any business activities; their sole purpose is managing the philanthropic activities, with funding from the parent organization (Anheier, H K and List R 2005 p 67). However, corporate philanthropy is not only a means of giving back to the community it also benefits the company in various ways. Principles of Business sustainability and development Principles of sustainability explain the measures that an orga nizations need to put in place to ensure that they are to able cater for the current needs without having to compromise their ability to meet the needs in future (Landrum, Landrum and Edwards, 2009, p 3). In addition, organizations can ensure their sustainability by properly controlling and improving their main assets. These assets can generally be classified into: Capital provided by nature: the organization should ensure that its activities do not create damage to nature. The organization must ensure that its activities are nature friendly. A good example is where a company produces or uses of products which are recyclable.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human capital: this refers to the people who are affected by the company’s activities or its products. These may be the consumers of the products which the company produces, people who live near the organization, o r the employees of the company. Primarily, the organization should safeguard the interest of the above groups; by ensuring that the products do not harm the consumers directly when they use them, or the products do not harm employees when they are making them. The products may also harm people indirectly if they lead to adverse environmental condition in the area where the company operates. Indeed, human capital is important since it provides both the workforce and the consumers for the organization. Social capital: this refers to the social structure of the people who use the products, are affected by the product or the employees of the company. Manufactured capital: This refers to the assets which the company uses its production. Financial capital: The Company must also ensure the sustainability of its finances. The organization must ensure that it puts measures in place to ensure that it continues to have desirable profits. The organization must also ensure that the sale of its p roducts continues to improve as well as the value of its shares (William, 2007, p 19). Corporate philanthropy as a sustainability and sustainable business practice Corporations that involve in corporate philanthropy may do so due to varying reasons. They may be involved in philanthropy if the activity will lead to an increase in its profit either directly or indirectly. The corporation may also be involved in philanthropy as a corporate citizen so as to improve the quality of life of the respondents regardless of whether the activity will lead to an increase in its profit or not.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Philanthropy and Business Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the organization may be involved in philanthropy so as cater for the social and political influences in the region within their operation. This means that they may be involved in philanthropy so as to self-reg ulate its activities and avoid government controlling its activities (Anheier and List, 2005, p 68). Corporate philanthropy improves on the human capital of the organization. Employees who engage in corporate philanthropic activities of the company help their leadership skills and are therefore important assets to the company (Shepp, 2010). The philanthropic activities of a company also lead to improvement in the relationship between the employers and the employees. This in effect leads to improvement of the motivation and loyalty of the employees. Improvement in the above attributes will lead to increase in productivity of the employees. The philanthropic activities also lead to improvement in the relationship between the customers and the corporation due to the direct involvement between the employees and the consumers. The money spent on philanthropic activities is not used in vain; and this may act as a form of advertising to the company. The philanthropic activities help to imp rove the image of the company by showing that it cares for the needs of its consumers and the general population. This helps improve the loyalty of the consumers towards the company since the company caters for its needs as a consumer. In addition, corporate philanthropy attracts media attention towards the company, helping it to raise its corporate image. The activities that a company undertakes in corporate philanthropy may also improve its image towards the government. This may lead to its tax exemption or reduction in the tax that the government charges its activities. All these lead to improved financial position of the company; hence, corporate philanthropy, apart from taking money away from the company, also helps in generating money for the company though in an indirect manner (Neryan, 2009). Corporate philanthropy may also strengthen the human capital of the organization. This may happen if the organization engages in programs to provide education and training of the people who are in institution that offer training for the professional requirement that the organization requires or any other institutions that offer education.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may be in the form of bursaries and scholarships to students who are in high school or even in colleges (Porter, 2008, p 461). These scholarships and bursaries enable the organization get high quality employees who will as well be loyal to the company since the company helped them acquire their skills. The organization can also help improve on the quality of products that it produces indirectly through investing in the research and training activities of universities or colleges which deal with its products. This helps to improve the products of not only its company, but also the product of other companies, thereby making the consumers to get high quality products. Eventually, this will lead to the company having a competitive edge over its rivals even if the initiative benefits even the competitors (Porter, 2008, p 456). Corporate philanthropy can also help in improving the quality of life of the people who live in the area where it operates. This is through the improvement in the infrastructure, provision of better housing and through support of initiatives which help in improving the environment of the area (Porter, 2008, p 462). This initiative not only benefits the organization, but also helps in improving the environment in which the business operates. Moreover, improvement in the quality of life of the residents of the area in which the organization operates helps in improving their social welfare, as well as improving the environment in which the organization operates. Conclusion Corporate philanthropy is a very vital practice of business sustainability and sustainable business development practice. The benefits that the company gets in engaging in corporate philanthropy outweigh its disadvantages if the corporate philanthropy is carried out in a strategic manner. A company can engage in corporate philanthropy as a means of enhancing its sustainability and improve on its image. This is highlighted by the fact that, even with the economic recession , companies are still willing to be involved in corporate philanthropy. This is clearly highlighted by the fact that even after it financial crisis and ultimate bailout JP Morgan Chase, an American investment bank which triggered the economic crisis promised $1 million to the victims of the Haiti earthquake even though the company may have tight budgets to meet its financial obligations (Schepp, 2010). References Anheier, H. K. and List, R. (2005). A dictionary of civil society, philanthropy and the non-profit sector. London, Taylor Francis. Landrum, N., Landrum, N. E. and Edwards, S. (2009). Sustainable Business: An Executive’s Primer. OK: Business expert press. Neryan. 2009. CSR and corporate philanthropy. Web. Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. MA, Harvard Business press. Shepp, D. (2010). People at Work: Corporate Giving Boosts Image, Employee Involvement. Web. Willliam, R. B. (2007). The sustainability handbook: the complete management guide to achieving social, econ omic and environmental responsibility, London, Earthscan. This essay on Corporate Philanthropy and Business Sustainability was written and submitted by user Mar1ana to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Watch Television Get Paid to Write About it!

Watch Television Get Paid to Write About it! Love television? Did you know you could make money writing about it? You can make a steady income that’s residual, much like royalties, and there’s also the option of getting paid per article or even becoming a staff writer. I write for MoviePilot.com. This site has thousands of writers, but not all of them get paid. There’s a vetting process, but passing it gets you started to earning money per every thousand views you get. And once you’re a verified creator, Movie Pilot’s editors actually help you get more views! This site thrives on science fiction and fantasy shows like Game of Thrones, Arrow, and Vampire Diaries and movies like Star Trek Beyond and Suicide Squad. They also have a big superhero following. CinemaBlend offers a wider array of topics, including TV show recapper and reviews. Though an older post indicated they are always looking for writers, they now post their job openings, which includes writers, here when they have some available. FanSided is the site that owns HiddenRemote.com, a site dedicated to all things television. This site has a lot more flexibility when it comes to television topics, and they are actively looking for paid contributors. You’ll have to fill out a Writer’s Application to get started. Screen Rant is another option, but it requires writers that will write about casting calls and television news rather than just the shows themselves. They have part-time positions, and according to the site, the pay is good. And finally, BuddyTV seeks contributors as well. They have different options available, but several are for writers able to write twenty to thirty pieces a week.  If you’re interested in applying, you will need to write at least two articles about television or movies to submit as they like to know your style.  BuddyTV also posts openings at Pro Blogger. The sites will help you grow your audience and share your articles with the world, and some fortunate writers get their posts shared So say, for instance, you write vampire romance and love The Vampire Diaries and The Originals. The connection to your readers is evident, and you have more to share with them! Sure you could post your comments on your blog, but why not post it where you can earn money? It really is a win-win situation. Along with getting paid, you can build up an audience of fans. It will help new readers find you, and you will tap into a network of millions of fans who may not know anything about you yet. So if you love television, considering writing for the fans and pocketing some cash as you add readers to your platform.

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Logistics - Essay Example Today, 49% of the equity of the company is owned by Nigerians and Nigerian organizations, while the remaining 51% is owned by Unilever Plc of UK. The company prides itself as being in virtually almost all sectors of the economy which includes nutrition, hygiene, personal care etc. and its products are of world class standards. The popular ones in the market include Omo detergent, Persil, Lux soap, Lipton Tea label, Blue band margarine, Close Up toothpaste and many more. With an employee strength of over 10,000, turnover of N44 bn, profit before tax of over N5 bn, shareholders funds of N8 bn, indeed Unilever Plc is a company the exemplifies a giant productive entity, hence the decision to adopt it as a case study for this paper. Vision and Mission Every organization has its raison d’etre in other words, its reason for existence. This is stated in its mission and vision statements. Drucker (1974) classifies these to include what is our business? What will it be? And what should it be? For Unilever Plc, its vision statement is inspiring billions of people to take small everyday actions that add up to a big difference. The mission statement is to meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. Future of the company The company has four pillars which directs the long term direction and ensures that it knows where it wants to go and how it’s going there and this is inline with its vision and mission statements. These are: to create a better future everyday; to help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others; to inspire people to take everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world; and to develop new ways of doing business with the aim of doubling the size of the company while reducing the environmental impact. These four pillars which serve as the guiding and driving pr inciple of Unilever are achieve through its key two strengths. First, its strong roots in local markets and firsthand knowledge of the local culture, and secondly, world class business expertise applied internationally to serve consumers everywhere. These key two strengths has over the years ensured consistent growth, increase return on investment (ROI) and maintained a relative high share price in the stock exchange market. Internal, External and Temporal Environment According to Kazmi (2002) the environment in which an organization exists could be broadly divided into two parts: the external and the internal environment. Environment literally means the surroundings, external objects, influences or circumstances under which someone or something exists. The environment of any organization is â€Å"the aggregate of all conditions, events, and influences that surround and affect it† (Davis, 1982). The internal environment of Unilever from the above description involves all that goes on with in the company. Unilever like most production companies that wishes to make optimum use of available resources runs three shifts, Monday to Saturday. While Sundays are basically for the maintenance of production machineries, Administrative and

Chinese and US Negotiation Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Chinese and US Negotiation Styles - Essay Example This stems from the fact that cultures, objectives and situations may influence people's behaviour. There have been certain characteristics that are distinctly common among certain negotiators. This means that one can identify particular countries with particular negotiating styles. This particular essay will focus on the characteristics prevalent among the American negotiations and the Chinese. This is because the latter parties are quite different. There have bee major conflicts that have arise from those differences. However, one must not under estimate the fact that there are in deed some similarities between these two groups. (Bazerman & Carroll, 1987) Sun Tze is undoubtedly one of the most influential war strategists and authors in the Chinese traditional culture. His teachings shaped the cultural beliefs held by the natives of his homeland. In his book, the Art of War, the author stresses the fact that real prowess is depicted when an opponent uses wit to subdue his enemy rather than direct confrontation. The main message behind his teachings was psychological manipulation. This is something that has been adopted by Chinese negotiators and businessmen. They usually engage in psychological warfare of wits where they attempt to change their adversary's state of mind through the use of intellect. Sun Tze' came up with thirty six proverbs that brought about one hundred Chinese characters. These are still features eminent when conducting negotiations with them. (Sun Bin Tze, 2001) Agrarianism versus urbanism In present day, most of the Chinese inhabitants live in the country side. This is deduced from the fact that close to sixty seven percent of the population is largely a labouring one. This implies that those inhabitants are largely influenced by their agrarian values. There are certain features that are necessary in order to survive in that system. First of all, there is a strong sense of loyally among them. On top of this, the whole system is holistic rather than individualistic. There is a need for a lot of harmony and cooperation for the agricultural community to achieve success. These farmers remain true to their family hierarchies. Consequently, these values and beliefs trickle down to most members of the population. It should be noted that even those people residing in the City, were brought up in the country side and most of them still hold true to agrarian values. (Zhang and Yang, 1998) Agrarian values take up greater precedence than business values as highlighted by some Chinese philosophers like Fung Yu-Lan. He believed that agriculture symbolised the roots while commerce symbolised the branches. Even economic and social theories were more biased towards the roots than the branch. This is the reason why merchants who mainly dealt with 'branch' issues were not held in high regard as compared to others. In contrast, most of the US population is largely urban. Consequently, their values will depict the urban culture and beliefs. However, when one traces American culture, there is a large influence from the cowboy culture. In this sort of culture, there was a tendency to jump into issues head on. For example, cowboys were notorious for shooting suspicious characters on sight even before finding out where they were coming

Business proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business proposal - Assignment Example The company records low unit sales and lags behind Volkswagen AG and BMW in China. The stiff competition has to overall underperformance in China. The aim of this proposal is to look at the challenge facing the company and how they can be solved. It targets prospective investors and luxury automobile dealers who are willing to explore business opportunities in order to meet their goals. The audience needs to be concerned because any threat to the downfall of the Mercedes-Benz will affect them. Because the Mercedes-Benz defines class, prestige and luxury, its fall in the market will translate to lose of status and class and profit to the targeted audience. In order to Increase Unit sales and beat the stiff competition, Mercedes-Benz should first carry out research on consumer tastes and preferences to establish their needs. The findings will lead to the second solution of investing on new models. Adjusting its organization structure to be more flexible is yet another solution to the p roblem. A flexible structure ought to be established because it supports quick decision making and newer models will lead to increased market share hence beating the competition. The proposal also gives a solution of developing a cohesive strategy of targeting areas that highly populated with high class persons. Such audience have the capacity of buying the Mercedes-Benz which is likely to boost its sales. Despite having achieved high record sales of 1.46 million cars globally last year, the Daimler’s Mercedes-Benz car faces a lot of stiff competition from the Germany rivals and small cars who are still leading in terms of profitability, unit sales and appeal especially to the younger generation (Acquisdata snapshot 50). The major root of the challenge facing the Mercedes-Benz stems from the China market where it records under-performance. The China market is a vital market to pay attention to because it of its high

Chronicle Of Death Foretold, Marquez

Chronicle Of Death Foretold, Marquez In every society, there exist authority figures that are looked upon by their people to provide a stronghold of security and leadership. A competent leader is one who holds interest in the welfare of his people before his own. He concerns himself with defending justice rather than his status and personal interests. In contrast to these ideal are the authority figures portrayed in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold and Albert Camus The Stranger. With societies constantly looking to authority figures for guidance, Marquez and Camus both utilize the literary devices of satire and irony to depict follies in the actions of the leaders and to criticize their negative influence on the people. Within the novel, Chronicle of Death Foretold, Marquez specifically uses situational irony and satire of the legal system to portray the ineffectual roles of the societys leaders. Marquez commences his novel by illustrating the townspeople engaging in a thorough preparation for the annual arrival of the bishop. The entire town anticipates for his arrival, bearing gifts and animals. Ironically, however, the bishop exhibits a great amount of apathy toward the people in this town. The author illustrates the scene of the blessing as a fleeting illusion with the bishop making the sign of the cross in the air opposite the crowd on the pierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ doing it mechanically [and] without malice or inspiration. (Marquez, 17). It is apparent the bishop simply went through the required motions necessitated to form this physical act, showing minimal-or if any-devotion. As the highest leader of the church, many would agree that it is Bishops responsibility to uphold the intrinsic values of hi s faith teachings. Forgiveness, acceptance, and love are all commonly accepted Christian values. However, its ironic that the bishops blessing completely contradicts such Christian ideals. The bishops attitude toward his own people displays little acceptance or religious devotion. Through the authors description of this involuntary action, the bishop is portrayed as a dispassionate and apathetic character. This very apathetic nature clearly exposes his spiritual faà §ade. Like a child abandoned by the parents, this society is left without much structure or guidance. Without this principled guidance, the society will eventually come to reflect its leader. Therefore, it is not surprising how social apathy comes to be one of the central causes behind the death of Santiago Nasar. Furthermore, Marquez effectively employs the use of satire on the legal system to further elicit the follies of authority figures. During the trial of Santiagos murderers, the Vicario Twins, the narrator recou nts, The lawyer stood by the thesis of homicide in legitimate defense of honor, which was upheld by the court in good faith (48). Here, the legal system is clearly satirized as the two brothers are found innocent at their trial, despite committing a flagitious murder. Legal authorities within the court of law are looked upon to conduct trials in an objective and rational manner. However, this is not the case with the trial. The courts view of reality has become tainted by the high values and reverence that has been placed upon tradition and honor. Marquez criticizes how authority figures from the court places more emphasis on defending societal values such as honor over defending the possible innocence of a man. In turn, people of the town come to approve a crime such as murder if it in is the name of honor because that is what is being condoned in the court of justice. Similar to the way Marquez exposes the folly in the actions of the legal authorities, Camus narration in The Stranger also exposes follies in the actions of the magistrate and judge as seen through the satire on religion and the use of verbal irony. In a particular instance during one of the interviews, the magistrate begins communicating to Meursault about his faith in God. He then begins waving his crucifix almost directly over [Meursaults] head, (Camus, 68) in the hopes of inciting a sense of repentance in Meursault. However, when it is apparent that Meursault is still unaffected, the magistrate becomes enraged and thrusts the crucifix in [Meursaults] face and was screaming irrationally (69). Through such a reaction, it is evident how the rational faà §ade of the magistrate can easily be shattered just like the spiritual faà §ade of the bishop in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Likewise, just as how Marquez draws attention to the bishops selfishness, Camus also effectively gives way to the selfish nature of the magistrate. Instead of inquiring Meursault about his motives or reasons for his crime like any ration and dignified legal authority should do, the magistrate strives to assert his faith onto others. Yet, even his intentions to do so are flawed, because just like the bishop, the magistrate does not exemplify or teach any true Christian values. He wields the crucifix as a source of power, expecting every criminal to weep at its sight as they have all done in the past. In doing so, the magistrate utilizes the crucifix as a way to reassure himself on the truth of his beliefs, not to bring others close to the faith. This manifestation of the magistrates selfish desires exemplifies how religion is satirized in Camus work. Through the actions of the magistrate, Camus shows how society exploits faith as a defense to avoid taking responsibility for their lives. Instead of using religious faith to find inner peace, the people in the society are taught by autho rity figures, like the magistrate, to use religion for self interest. Later on in the novel, Camus uses verbal irony to convey the follies of yet another legal authority, the judge. Right before the commencement of Meursaults trial, he states, According to [the judge], he was there to conduct in an impartial manner the proceedings of a case which he would consider objectively and that the case will be handled in the spirit of justice (86). The very fact that judge vowed to been entirely impartial is highly unbelievable, especially with a case concerning a murder. The folly to examine here is the fact that everyone has their own prejudices which, undeniably includes the judge. In The Stranger, it is apparent as to how Meursaults disbelief in God and his indifference to the world deeply disturbs society. Society, however, cannot handle to have strangers or outsiders who live by other rules. It demands obedience, and nothing less. In the end, Meursault is condemned to a brutal fate not because of the crime he committed, but the fact that he cannot submit to such societal expectations. Meursaults fate has already been determined even before the trial begins. Nothing about his trial is viewed, argued about, or judged in unbiased expression. As a result, his sentence will not save him any justice either, emphasizing the irony in the words of the judge. In essence, the judge is not present to administer justice but to obliterate those outside of the accepted conformity. Camus uses this fact to criticize how society has the inclination to follow the face-value standards provided by higher authorities.

Lupus Essay -- essays research papers

Lupus is an autoimmune disease that attacks women between the ages of 15 and 40. It occurs less often in men than in women. The people affected by lupus vary depending on the country or region. In the US alone, the prevalence rate is highest among Asians of Hawaii, blacks of Caribbean origin, and Native Americans of the Sioux, Arapahoe, and Crow tribes. Lupus is a disease that affects the immune system. We can think of the immune system as an army within the body with hundreds of defenders (known as antibodies). They defend the body from attack by germs and viruses. In lupus, however, the immune system becomes overactive and creates antibodies that attack healthy tissues in the body, such as: the skin, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain. This attack induces inflammation, causing redness, pain, and swelling. It is not contagious. Symptoms come and go and vary from person to person. The symptoms can develop so slowly that the person may not notice for a long time. When the lupus symptoms are evident, they are called flares or relapses. When the symptoms are better, it is said that they are in remission. There are three major types of lupus: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - lupus that affects certain parts of the body 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discoid or Cutaneous Lupus - lupus mainly of the skin 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug-Induced Lupus - lupus caused by medicine Systemic lupus erythematosus, sometimes called SLE, is the most serious form of the disease. Systemic means that it may affect many parts of the body, such as the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, or the brain. This type of lupus can be mild or serious. If it is not treated, systemic lupus can cause damage to the organs inside your body. Discoid and cutaneous lupus mainly affects the skin. The person may have a red rash or a color change of the skin on the face, scalp, or other parts of the body. Drug-induced lupus is caused by a small number of prescription medications. The person with drug-induced lupus may have the same symptoms as the person with systemic lupus, but it is usually less serious. Usually when the medicine is stopped, the disease goes away. The most common drugs that can cause lupus are procainamide, used for heart problems, hydralazine used for high blood pressure, and dilantin used for seizures. Drug-induced lupus is usually found i... ...nbsp;  Chloroquine, (Aralen) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hydroxychloroquine, (Plaquenil) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quinacrine, (Atabrine) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemotheraphy drugs o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Azathioprine, (Imuran) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cyclophosphamide, (Cytoxan) If, after diagnosis of lupus, the patient should develop pain in the chest previously undiagnosed that is crushing or squeezing, shortness of breathe that is preventing the patient to breathe adequately, or more than two symptoms of a stroke, 911 or another emergency service should be called immediately. The doctor should be called immediately if the patient develops chest pain, shortness of breathe, blood in the urine or urinating less than normal, a fever over 100.5 with or without a headache or body aches, experience depression or change in behavior, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, dizzy or muscle weakness, or have swelling of the lower extremities and have been diagnosed with lupus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no cure, no way to prevent lupus, and there is no definitive treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚